CMS Finalizes Rule Requiring Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has finalized a rule that includes a requirement for hospitals and critical access hospitals (CAHs) to establish and maintain antibiotic stewardship programs.

As CMS notes in a fact sheet about the new CMS conditions of participation rule, "By requiring that hospitals have antibiotic stewardship programs that are not only active and hospital-wide, but also demonstrate adherence to nationally recognized guidelines for the optimization of antibiotic use through stewardship, the changes are aimed at effectively reducing the development and transmission of healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic-resistant organisms that ultimately will greatly improve the care and safety of patients while adding cost benefits for hospitals."

The rule also mandates hospitals and CAHs to have infection prevention and control programs.

As the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) notes, CMS advises hospitals to follow guidance on implementing antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control programs from nationally recognized sources (e.g., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)). The programs must be implemented six months from September 30, 2019 — the date the finalized policy was published in the Federal Register.

For most hospitals, the requirements are not likely to have much of an impact. Infection Control Consulting Services (ICCS) consultants have yet to work with a Joint Commission-accredited hospital lacking antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control programs. For several years, hospitals have generally taken a proactive position concerning such programs because of accreditation requirements (e.g., Joint Commission added an antimicrobial stewardship standard in 2017) and the likelihood of CMS mandating these programs. However, as ICCS consultants have observed, properly instituting such programs often proves difficult, leading many to seek out professional assistance for the development of antibiotic stewardship programs and the development of infection prevention and control plans.

Global Survey: Nearly All Surgeons Encounter Needlestick Injury

A global survey of surgeons has found that 95% have either been personally affected by a needlestick injury or seen a colleague experience one.

More than 500 surgeons from six countries participated in the survey, which was commissioned by medical solutions company Mölnlycke.

As a press release on the survey notes, about two million needlestick injuries occur among health workers annually, which result in increased risk of infection and exposure to HIV, hepatitis C and other bloodborne viruses.

The survey also asked surgeons about "high-quality" gloves, with 93% believing that such gloves reduce the chance of bloodborne virus exposure and 83% indicating that they believe the quality of gloves affect their sense of being protected from needlestick injuries.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises healthcare workers who experience a needlestick or sharps injury to follow these steps:

• Wash needlesticks and cuts with soap and water

• Flush splashes to the nose, mouth, or skin with water

• Irrigate eyes with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants

• Report the incident to your supervisor

• Immediately seek medical treatment

Study: High-Risk Antibiotics Linked to Increase in C. Diff Infections

A new study indicates that usage of high-risk antibiotics is connected to increases in hospital-associated Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection.

The research, published in Infection Control and Epidemiology, analyzed data from 171 community and teaching hospitals gathered from June 2016 through July 2017. It looked at use of high-risk antibiotics — specifically second-, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems and lincosamides — and their impact on hospital-associated C. diff.

As a Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy report notes, the researchers found that for every 100-day increase in the use of these antibiotics, there was a correlating 12% increase in hospital-associated C. diff.

The authors conclude, "High-risk antibiotic use is an independent predictor of hospital-associated C. diff infection. This assessment of poststewardship implementation in the United States highlights the importance of tracking trends of antimicrobial use over time as it relates to C. diff infection.